Scientists at the HHMI Janelia Research Campus and UCL have put forth a new hypothesis that sheds light on how the brain stores memories. According to their theory, the importance of memory for potential futures reveals its location in the brain, offering a fresh perspective on systems consolidation.
Traditionally, it was believed that memories gradually transition from the hippocampus, where they are initially stored, to the neocortex, where they are kept for a longer period. However, recent research suggests that not all memories are transferred to the neocortex and instead remain in the hippocampus permanently.
The fundamental question of what determines whether a memory stays in the hippocampus or is consolidated in the neocortex has yet to be mathematically answered, despite the emergence of psychological theories attempting to explain this complex process.
To tackle this question, the researchers propose a novel, quantitative perspective on system consolidation through a mathematical neural network theory. They suggest that memories consolidate to the neocortex only if they enhance generalization.
Generalization allows us to apply certain aspects of memories to other situations by identifying consistent and predictable elements. For example, recognizing that canyons indicate the presence of water demonstrates our ability to generalize certain aspects of memories to understand the outside world.
The researchers argue that consolidation does not involve copying memories from one part of the brain to another, but instead creates a new memory that is a generalization of previous memories. The degree to which a memory can be generalized determines whether it is consolidated in the neocortex or remains in the hippocampus.
Using neural networks, the researchers have demonstrated how the amount of consolidation varies based on the level of generalization in a memory. This approach has enabled them to reproduce previous experimental patterns that the classical view of systems consolidation couldn’t explain.
Moving forward, the researchers plan to conduct experiments to test the theory’s ability to predict the extent of memory consolidation. They also aim to explore how the brain distinguishes between predictable and unpredictable components of memories in order to regulate consolidation.
Understanding how memory works is crucial for advancing our knowledge of cognition, which has the potential to benefit both human health and artificial intelligence. Through their innovative approach, the scientists hope to uncover further insights into the intricate workings of memory and its role in shaping our experiences and understanding of the world.
